![]() Assess each eye by confrontation (i.e., by comparing the patient’s visual fields to your own) using a finger or red pin.Ask the patient to identify (with both eyes) a number or shape within the Ishihara plates, which contain dots of different color and size.Ask the patient to read from a Snellen chart using one eye at a time, and correct for refractive errors with glasses or a pinhole.Place a vial of a nonirritating substance (e.g., vanilla, lemon, coffee, tobacco) and ask to tell you when an odor is detected and to identify it if recognized.Ask the patient to block one nostril with the finger, close the eyes, and sniff repetitively.Test the patient's ability to detect and identify an aroma in each nostril.Speech of patients with Wernicke aphasia is like a Word salad In Conduction aphasia, the ar Cuate fasciculus is affected. The Broca's area is broken in Broca aphasia. Poor comprehension of spoken and written language.Broca area, Wernicke area, and arcuate fasciculus intact, with the surrounding watershed areas affected.Impaired speech expression and comprehension.Various areas of the temporal lobe, with the Wernicke area intact.Difficulty in expressing a thought process.Supplementary motor area in the frontal lobe, with Broca area intact (exception: may occur during the recovery phase of Broca aphasia).Paraphrasing occurs when patients cannot find the word they seek.Usually, pinpointing the localization of the lesion is not possible.Impaired repetition with paraphasia (patients substitute or transpose sounds and try to correct mistakes on their own).Mostly intact comprehension and fluent speech production.Arcuate fasciculus of the parietal lobe.Patient may be mute or only utter soundsĬonduction aphasia ( associative aphasia).Severe impairment of speech production and comprehension.Broca area, Wernicke area, and arcuate fasciculus. ![]() Reading and writing are often severely impaired.The patient is typically unaware of the deficits.Fluent speech that lacks sense (paraphasic errors, neologisms, word salad ).Wernicke area ( superior temporal gyrus ).Wernicke aphasia ( sensory aphasia, receptive aphasia ) The patient is typically aware of the deficit and feels frustrated about it.Comprehension is largely spared (difficulty understanding complex language may occur).Telegraphic and grammatically incorrect speech.Broca aphasia ( motor aphasia, expressive aphasia)
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